Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture

Lexical Representativeness And Semantic Branching Of Meronyms Related To Household Appliances In Uzbek And English

2025-08-02T11:00:17+00:00

This study examines the semantic and lexicographic properties of meronymic units related to household appliances in Uzbek and English. The study examines how household appliance terms are named in the two languages, their division into different parts, how meronyms are reflected in dictionaries, and how they express the cultural and logical features of both languages. It also shows how linguistic changes occur when using the meronymic system to represent the structure of an object. The article highlights the similarities and differences between English and Uzbek and is prepared using the method of contrastive analysis

The Unspoken Fractures: Uncovering the Gaps in Dickens’ “Hard Times” Through Critical Lenses: a Book Review

2025-08-09T09:49:21+00:00

Charles Dickens’ Hard Times resonates not merely through its overt critique of industrial society, but through its profound silences – the conceptual and narrative gaps where human complexity fractures under Utilitarian ideology. This analysis employs Marxist, Feminist, and Foucauldian frameworks to dissect these deliberate omissions as active sites of ideological struggle. A Marxist lens exposes the erasure of the labourer’s humanity – the reduction of workers to mere "hands," the muffling of collective consciousness, and the obscured brutality within Coketown’s "hidden abode" of production. Feminist scrutiny reveals the suffocation of the feminine: Louisa Gradgrind’s choked-off inner world, Sissy Jupe’s constrained role as nurturing symbol rather than full subject, and the grotesque distortions of womanhood embodied by Sparsit and Mrs. Gradgrind. Foucauldian analysis uncovers the mechanisms of control: Gradgrind’s school manufacturing compliant subjects, Bounderby’s self-serving narratives constructing "truth," and Coketown’s panoptic atmosphere suppressing dissent. Ultimately, the novel’s power lies in its unflinching exposure of these fissures – the muffled cries of alienated labour, stifled breath of confined womanhood, and pervasive hum of controlling discourse. These unresolved gaps stand as stark testaments to the human cost crushed beneath quantification, urging continual reckoning with lived experience’s unreduced complexity.

Method and Methodology of Comparative-Typological Research of Verbs in English-Uzbek Languages

2025-08-09T17:46:15+00:00

Comparative-typological linguistics offers a valuable framework for analyzing how different languages encode universal grammatical concepts. This approach is especially insightful when comparing typologically distant languages such as English and Uzbek. Verbs serve as a central component of grammatical structure, carrying essential information about tense, aspect, mood, voice, and argument structure. Despite previous studies examining specific phenomena in either English or Uzbek, a holistic comparative-typological analysis of their verb systems remains underdeveloped. Existing literature often lacks a unified methodological framework to compare the complex morphological, syntactic, and semantic dimensions of verbs in these languages. This research aims to develop a rigorous methodological approach for the comparative-typological analysis of English and Uzbek verbs, identifying both shared linguistic principles and language-specific structures. Utilizing a parallel corpus and targeted native speaker elicitation, the study systematically analyzes and compares the verb systems across morphological (e.g., tense, aspect, mood), syntactic (e.g., valency, argument structure), and semantic (e.g., verb classes, TAM semantics) levels. The study offers an integrative methodological framework incorporating both quantitative and qualitative analyses, typological mapping, and contrastive techniques. It also introduces procedures for addressing challenges like non-isomorphic categories and data ambiguity. The findings have theoretical significance for linguistic typology and practical applications in language pedagogy, translation, and computational linguistics, offering a replicable model for future cross-linguistic verb research.

The Impact of The Decrease in The Water Share of The Musayyib Project on The Agricultural Plan in The District of Kothi in Babylon Province

2025-08-15T10:35:19+00:00

The large Musayyib project is one of the important irrigation projects in the province of Babylon and is located 65 km south of the city of Baghdad, and is considered the main water source in the district of Kothi, which penetrates most of the territory of the district and its branches to irrigate cultivated crops, and the problem of the study came to highlight the impact of the low water share of the Musayyib project on the agricultural plan in the district of Kothi; One of the objectives on which the study was built is the analysis of climatic elements in a quantitative manner to give specific quantitative results that differ from the descriptive method of the study area, and the division of the study area into rain and thermal ranges to show the climatic variation between the north and the south, and the research adopted the method of scientific analysis and based on the presentation of the subject of the research in addition to the quantitative method in the statement of the temporal and spatial distribution of the water share of the Musayyib project in the study area and its relationship to the agricultural development plan.

The Conceptual Foundations of Image Poetics in Prose Fiction (Based on the story “The Lonely Relic of Summer”)

2025-08-16T07:50:11+00:00

Literary fiction serves as a medium for expressing the inner and outer worlds of individuals through artistic images that reflect an author’s aesthetic worldview and philosophical meditations. In prose, the image functions not only as a depiction of reality but also as an ideologically and aesthetically charged phenomenon, as demonstrated in Khayriddin Sultan’s story “The Lonely Relic of Summer.” While studies address symbolic and psychological imagery in literature, there is limited research on multi-layered narrative techniques that blend philosophical depth, generational fate, and symbolic detail in Uzbek prose. This study analyzes the conceptual foundations of image poetics in prose fiction through the characterization, symbolic details, and narrative structure in Sultan’s story. The analysis reveals how the author conveys human existence, loneliness, and fate through psychological depth, symbolic details, and unconventional narrative perspectives, including the personification of inanimate objects like the gun. Generational tragedy, spiritual solitude, and moral integrity emerge as central themes, while dynamic portraits and symbolic legends enrich the narrative. The work highlights the innovative use of symbolic and psychological detail, multi-perspective narration, and integration of philosophical reflections to expand the expressive potential of Uzbek prose. This study underscores the importance of symbolic and psychological depth in literary narratives, suggesting that nuanced image poetics can deepen emotional engagement and philosophical resonance in contemporary fiction.

Research of Means of Confirmation and Denial

2025-08-16T08:08:21+00:00

Affirmation and negation are fundamental linguistic categories that reflect essential features of reality, serving as core concepts in philosophy, logic, and linguistics. Their accurate identification and application play a crucial role in communication, shaping meaning at both theoretical and applied levels. In the Uzbek language, these categories manifest through various verbal and nonverbal means, including morphological affixes, lexical forms, modal particles, gestures, emojis, and intonation, influencing sentence structure and pragmatic interpretation. While affirmation and negation have been extensively studied in Russian and English linguistics, comprehensive research on their full range of forms and pragmatic functions in Uzbek remains limited. This study aims to classify and analyze the diverse forms of expressing affirmation and negation in Uzbek, considering both linguistic and extralinguistic means, and to assess their role in determining the reliability and polarity of judgments. The analysis identified specific verbal indicators such as modal words, negative pronouns, and affixes, as well as nonverbal cues like gestures and emojis, which collectively convey affirmative or negative meanings. Comparative insights from Russian linguistic traditions, including Peshkovsky’s classification and RG-80 typology, were adapted to the Uzbek context. The integration of nonverbal communicative means with traditional morphological and lexical forms offers a more holistic framework for understanding affirmation and negation in Uzbek. These findings enhance theoretical models in linguistics and have practical applications in fields such as NLP, machine learning, and language teaching, where accurate polarity detection is essential for semantic processing and effective communication.

Postmodern Features in John Ashbery’s Poem “My philosophy of life”

2025-08-17T11:05:38+00:00

Postmodernism in literature challenges traditional notions of meaning, narrative coherence, and authorial authority, finding fertile ground in poetry for its embrace of ambiguity and fragmentation. John Ashbery’s “My philosophy of life” encapsulates these postmodernist traits, blending high cultural references with mundane details, and resisting the consolidation of ideas into a single philosophical system. While Ashbery’s work has been widely examined, focused analysis of how this poem enacts postmodernist strategies to critique and reimagine philosophical discourse remains underexplored. This study aims to analyze the poem through the lenses of fragmentation, metafiction, intertextuality, irony, and epistemological relativism, revealing its engagement with postmodernist aesthetics. The analysis identifies five defining features: narrative discontinuity, self-referential commentary on the act of philosophizing, juxtaposition of elevated and trivial subjects, ironic undermining of grand philosophical ambitions, and the valorization of uncertainty and interpretive “gaps.” These traits dismantle cultural hierarchies, reject metanarratives, and promote a playful, contingent approach to meaning. The study demonstrates how Ashbery transforms philosophical inquiry into an open-ended, sensory, and humorous practice, offering a nuanced contribution to the understanding of postmodern poetics. By reframing philosophy as a flexible, lived experience rather than a rigid system, the poem underscores the creative potential of ambiguity and positions itself as both a critique and an extension of philosophical thinking within late twentieth-century American literature.

Freudian Uncanny in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart and How Theories Applied to Edgar Allan Poe’s Life and Works

2025-08-20T15:21:32+00:00

One such study explored Edgar Allen Poe’s this same explain soul through eyepiece after all Freud’s concept of both the inexplicable. This study evaluates what inhibition, fixation, and the back of both the restrained emerge through symbols such as with the "vulture eye" but instead psychotic symptoms. Something that emphasis is placed Poe’s storytelling in under psychology critiques as well as provides a link character poetic thematic of between victor emotionally damaging life story. This article presents a study of the issue like overly simplistic explanations yeah psychodynamic observations but also intends one multimodal team that mixes close reading, psychoanalytical, but also biographies critique. one such approach recognizes its thorough after all Poe’s psychological thriller as well as strengthens this same knowledge of interaction with both living, theorist, but also literary works.

The Metadiscoursal Functions of Metaphor in Linguistic Discourse

2025-08-20T12:06:53+00:00

This study offers a comparative analysis of how metaphor is deployed by leading linguists and explores the metadiscoursal functions of metaphor in linguistic discourse, focusing particularly on its use as a multifunctional and implicit metadiscoursal category. It compares the functions of the metaphorical use of examples and analogies employed in linguistic discourse. Drawing on Hyland (2005) framework of the functions of metadiscourse, the study examines how these theorists utilize metaphors such as language as a mirror, computation, blueprint, and instinct to guide interpretation, facilitate abstraction, and frame linguistic and cognitive phenomena. Metaphor is analyzed not as a literary concept but as a metadiscoursal strategy used systematically in linguistic theorizing. The paper clarifies the source-to-target domain mappings of these metaphors and suggests that metaphor performs functions like framing, explaining and clarifying, asserting claims, and engaging the reader. The study argues that metaphor is a conceptual and rhetorical tool that frames assumptions, guides the reader to the desired interpretation, reinforces theoretical identity and deflects counterargument.

The Role of the Female Image in Modern Indian Literature

2025-08-20T15:21:30+00:00

The evolving representation of women in modern Indian literature reflects the socio-cultural transitions that have shaped contemporary Indian society. This paper explores how female characters have moved beyond the traditional archetypes of submissive wives, ideal mothers, or romantic heroines to become powerful symbols of resistance, identity, and transformation. Through the works of authors such as Arundhati Roy, Jhumpa Lahiri, and Kamala Das, the study reveals a shift in narrative focus—from women being passive subjects to active agents confronting patriarchy, societal constraints, and internal conflicts. These writers employ diverse literary strategies, including stream-of-consciousness, metaphor, and symbolic imagery, to give voice to women’s personal, emotional, and psychological experiences. The paper also highlights how themes such as migration, sexual autonomy, marital dissatisfaction, and cultural hybridity are used to present more authentic and multifaceted female characters. By critically analyzing these texts, this study aims to demonstrate how modern Indian literature both reflects and challenges established gender norms, contributing to a broader feminist discourse in postcolonial literature.

Egypt's Efforts in Developing the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science (ALSCO) 1970_1978 Research in the Documents of the League of Arab States

2025-08-18T11:03:49+00:00

The research deals with the efforts of Egypt in the development of the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science (ALESCO) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for the period 1970 until the end of the role of Egypt in the League of Arab States 1978 when the headquarters of the organization was transferred to Tunisia. And cooperation with UNESCO in that and in supporting the Arabic language in education and education and the development of bilateral Arab relations in the educational fields, Egypt has taken the lead in the fields of education, culture and science.

‏The Role of Translation in Heartening World Literature and Associating Cultures

2025-08-20T15:21:28+00:00

As language and culture are closely intertwined and both affect our identities, morals, and perspectives, it may be difficult to communicate efficiently across linguistic borders on the global stage where over thousands of languages are spoken. In these situations, the art of translation becomes an influential tool because it has the potential to bring people across cultures. Translation is an art that necessitates a thorough understanding of the nuances of both the source and destination languages and cultures. In conclusion, the article fully covers the topic of translation as an art form, including the complexity and significance of the process of transferring between cultures. The value of translation in a highly interconnected and integrated through the ages and globalization of the country, including the relationship between languages, is no longer a barrier. The situation often leads to the fact that translators and cultural cooperation become the objects of research by many scientists.

Boundary Stones (Kudurru)

2025-08-21T17:59:41+00:00

This research presents an in-depth study of the Kudurru stones, highlighting their significant role in the economic and religious aspects of Mesopotamia. These stones contained important information regarding the prevailing political and geographical situations. The study traced the symbols and marks inscribed on the Kudurru stones, revealing aspects of religious life and the artistic style used to depict the gods' symbols. The forms of Kudurru stones varied, from slender tall pieces to flattened slabs. Their use became widespread during the Old Babylonian period, though not maintaining the same use in later eras. Meanwhile, the Middle Babylonian period witnessed a special flourishing of Kudurru stones under the Kassite dynasty's rule.The research aims to provide a comprehensive definition of Kudurru stones, calling them boundary stones that define the ownership of individuals and land areas. It clarifies their main types—private and public boundary stones— and describes them by shape, size, practical and religious functions. It highlights two carving styles used to make them and reviews prominent models, such as King Meli-Shipak’s stone. The study analyzes the deity fields on these stones, classifying gods by rank and explaining the artistic importance of the symbol distribution. The research concludes by confirming the importance of Kudurru stones in Kassite art and their relation to thematically religious significant artistic topics.

Objective and Subjective Factors of Formation of Legal Culture in the Worldview of an Entrepreneur

2025-08-22T15:32:43+00:00

Entrepreneurship plays a central role in the economic development of nations, shaping human capital, creating employment, and driving socio-economic transformation. In Uzbekistan, ongoing liberal-democratic reforms and the strengthening of constitutional guarantees have created a new environment for entrepreneurial growth, supported by an updated legal framework, institutional changes, and inclusive economic policies. While the importance of entrepreneurship is widely recognized, the interplay between legal culture, constitutional guarantees, and sustainable entrepreneurial development in the context of Uzbekistan’s reforms has not been sufficiently examined. This study seeks to analyze the objective and subjective factors that influence the formation of legal culture in the worldview of entrepreneurs and to assess the implications of reforms for entrepreneurial activity. The findings demonstrate that reforms have enhanced small business development, improved professional qualifications, expanded creativity among entrepreneurs, and contributed to a higher standard of living. Empirical evidence highlights the increasing role of small businesses in trade, exports, and service provision. International comparisons with Japan and the United States further underscore the global significance of small enterprises. This research provides a multidimensional perspective by combining legal, economic, and socio-political analysis, revealing that entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan is not only an economic activity but also a reflection of legal culture and societal transformation. The study underscores that strengthening entrepreneurs’ legal culture ensures compliance with laws, protects rights, and fosters innovation, positioning entrepreneurship as a key driver of inclusive and sustainable development in the evolving economy of Uzbekistan.

Linguistic Features of Military Discourse in Official Texts: A Comparative Analysis of English and Uzbek

2025-08-23T13:48:04+00:00

Military discourse represents a highly specialized form of institutional communication where clarity, precision, and authority are vital for operational effectiveness. Official documents such as field manuals and statutes, including the U.S. Army Field Manual FM 3-21.8 and Uzbek military regulations, exemplify the dual-functional style of military texts, combining official-business and scientific-technical linguistic features. Despite its importance, comparative studies examining the stylistic, lexical, and morphological features of English and Uzbek military discourse remain limited, particularly in translation contexts. This study aims to investigate the linguistic characteristics of military communication in both English and Uzbek texts to identify shared and divergent features influencing translation and intercultural communication. Findings reveal a consistent use of monosemantic terminology, avoidance of synonyms, and exclusion of emotive language in both languages. Imperative and infinitive verb forms, passive constructions, impersonal directives, standardized abbreviations, and abstract nouns dominate the discourse, ensuring unambiguous communication. English military texts demonstrate heavier reliance on acronyms and passive voice, while Uzbek discourse retains Soviet-era influences in terminology and structural formulations. The research highlights the integration of official-business and scientific-technical styles in shaping military discourse, offering a rare comparative insight into English and Uzbek military linguistic practices. These findings underscore the necessity for specialized translator training programs focusing on terminology management, stylistic analysis, and intercultural sensitivity. They also provide a linguistic foundation for enhancing interoperability in multinational military operations and improving translation pedagogy in defense-related contexts.

Global Environmental Challenges and Theoretical and Practical Foundations for Improving the Socio-Ecological Protection System in Uzbekistan

2025-08-23T16:59:01+00:00

The increasing complexity of global environmental challenges has highlighted the urgent need for comprehensive socio-ecological protection systems, especially in countries facing acute resource constraints and environmental vulnerabilities. Uzbekistan, with its arid climate, dependence on transboundary water resources, and ongoing industrialization, faces unique pressures that require integrated and adaptive policy measures. This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical strategies for improving Uzbekistan’s socio-ecological protection system in the context of global environmental change. Emphasis is placed on the integration of environmental policy with social development programs, the role of public participation, and the importance of regional cooperation. Recommendations include modernizing water and agricultural management, advancing green energy, strengthening legislative and institutional frameworks, and fostering environmental awareness among citizens.

Socio-Politics Of Uzbekistan In The Context Of Ecological Globalization

2025-08-24T11:40:37+00:00

Ecological globalization is increasing the interconnectedness of environmental problems, resource management, technological and economic processes around the world. This process has led to the global discussion of environmental threats and sustainable development issues, forgetting about national borders. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, ecological globalization creates new opportunities, but also serious challenges. The country's climate, geographical location, demand for water and land resources, the specificity of industry and agriculture make it necessary to reconsider environmental policy from the perspective of national interests, economic development and international obligations.

A Pragmatic Competence in AI: The Study of Context-Awareness in Virtual Assistants

2025-08-27T13:54:22+00:00

Contextual understanding is an ability which is quintessential for any form of effective human-computer interaction. Unfortunately, most virtual assistants lack the pragmatic competence necessary to understand the context of any conversation. The current study will, therefore, examine how integrating pragmatic principles into AI systems enhances their contextual understanding and communicative competencies. The linguistic theories of pragmatics to be applied in this analysis include speech acts, implicature, and deixis, this research identifies key elements in context-aware interaction. A novel framework for pragmatic modeling in AI is proposed. It particularly points to the integration of real-world contextual cues and user intent recognition. The implementation of this framework is tested on the prototypes of virtual assistants, testing their performance in dynamic, real-time scenarios. Results show significant improvements in user satisfaction with the experience and the effectiveness of handling ambiguous or nuanced communication by the AI better. This work That can highlight the potentiality of AI design, driven by pragmatics for human-like, intuitive advancement, drawing closer to human norms of communication.

Legal Regulation of the Management of State Tnstitutions Via Agency

2025-08-31T10:13:18+00:00

Because of the major employee's absence, the agency for administrative posts is actually a temporary arrangement that forces the administration to assign whatever it thinks is suitable for a given amount of time. By doing this, the agent uses the principal's authority to guarantee the public service runs regularly and consistently. The administration is dedicated to choosing the most qualified, effective, seasoned, and trustworthy individuals to oversee the administrative leadership roles. In the event that no one satisfies the aforementioned requirements, the administration will use the legal authority provided to it to designate from among its personnel, for a predetermined amount of time, whoever it believes to be honest and capable to occupy the post. Throughout the time allotted to it, it keeps an eye on their work and decides how best to lead subordinates to foster unity and accomplish the department's or institution's objective. The administration removes the individual from his job and ends his assignment if he disregards the aforementioned guidelines. The regularity of changes that seemed to be a means of altering administrative leadership without terminating the administration's functional relationship with them or without legal basis underscored the significance of the issue. It allocates its workers for a set amount of time and then exempts them based on the modifications made to its power and the privileges that are intended to serve the public interest. It employs the strategy of giving them job management responsibilities and granting them extensive authority to do so through the agency.

Chinese-European Competition over African Energy Sources

2025-08-31T11:03:51+00:00

The competition between China and Europe for access to African energy resources has significant implications for global energy security and geopolitical dynamics. This rivalry not only affects bilateral relations but also shapes the strategic landscape in Africa, where nations are increasingly finding themselves as pawns in a larger geopolitical game. As nations like China invest heavily in infrastructure and energy projects, European countries are compelled to reassess their own strategies to secure sustainable energy supplies. This dynamic has led to a heightened competition between these two global powers, each seeking to secure their foothold in the resource-rich continent. The implications of this rivalry are profound, affecting not only bilateral relations but also the geopolitical landscape of Africa itself. This competition has led to increased investments and infrastructure development in the region, as both powers vie for strategic advantages. Furthermore, the pursuit of energy resources has resulted in complex partnerships and rivalries among African nations themselves. This dynamic has further complicated the geopolitical landscape, as external powers like China and Europe seek to secure their interests in the region. As these nations vie for influence, African countries are often caught in a balancing act, negotiating terms that seek to maximize their benefits while navigating the potential repercussions of foreign intervention.

Dependencies Between Evidentiality And Clausal Grammatical Categories

2025-09-01T02:20:19+00:00

Evidentiality, the grammatical expression of information sources, has long been studied as a distinct category but increasingly is seen as deeply interconnected with clausal grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, mood, and modality. In Uzbek, evidentiality is primarily marked by particles like ekan (inferred) and emish (reportative), rather than affixes, offering valuable insights into how evidential meaning aligns with typological and pragmatic structures. Despite extensive cross-linguistic research, the systematic interaction between Uzbek evidentials and clausal categories remains underexplored. This study investigates the structural, functional, and pragmatic dependencies of Uzbek evidentials on clausal categories, using comparative typology and corpus analysis. Analysis of 1,000 sentences from the Uzbek National Corpus revealed that ekan is most frequent in past and modal contexts (420 and 230 cases respectively), while emish dominates present contexts (400 cases). Evidentials consistently appear clause-finally, influencing discourse structure, stance-taking, and politeness strategies. Unlike languages with fully grammaticalized evidential systems, Uzbek demonstrates a unique reliance on pragmatic and syntactic cues, supporting a continuum model where evidentiality and modality overlap. The findings contribute to typological classification by illustrating how evidentiality functions within Turkic languages and highlight the pedagogical importance of teaching evidentials for second-language acquisition, where misuse can alter pragmatic intent. Ultimately, evidentiality in Uzbek is shown to be central to discourse management, reflecting both linguistic and sociocultural dimensions.

Is the Internet a Global Threat for Language Linguistics?

2025-09-01T02:26:46+00:00

The growth of the Internet and social media in the 21st century has created a new communicative space where oral and written forms converge, profoundly influencing linguistic practices worldwide. In the Uzbek linguistic context, this transformation has introduced challenges such as abbreviations, mixed alphabets, emotive symbols, and stylistic inconsistencies, which erode traditional literary standards and complicate accurate translation across languages. Although Internet-mediated texts have become the dominant form of communication, there remains limited systematic study of how these linguistic shifts contribute to the spread of language crimes, extremist propaganda, and the weakening of established linguistic norms. This study seeks to analyze the distinctive features of Internet and social media communication, evaluate their impact on Uzbek language norms, and highlight their role as both a linguistic resource and a site of potential crime. Findings show that social networks function as hybrid spaces blending speech and writing, producing coded communication and violations of phonetic, lexical, syntactic, and stylistic norms. Official data indicate that between 2016 and 2018, 658 individuals were prosecuted for disseminating illegal materials online, underscoring the scale of linguistic violations and their social consequences. The study demonstrates that Internet language is not merely a stylistic innovation but a parallel digital language requiring its own descriptive and regulatory framework. The results emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among linguists, psychologists, lawyers, and policymakers to preserve linguistic integrity, detect extremist discourse, and balance the opportunities of digital communication with its risks.

Electronic Arbitration in E-Commerce Contracts

2025-09-02T15:52:09+00:00

This search title the issue of electronic Arbitration in e-commerce contracts, as one of the most prominent contemporary legal and technical challenges brought about by the digital revolution and the rapid expansion of commercial activities online. The study aims to clarify the concept of electronic Arbitration in digital contracts, define its legal nature, and examine its impact on the contractual balance between the parties, especially in light of the dominance of automated systems and artificial intelligence in modern contracting processes. The research further analyzes the legal dilemmas posed by electronic Arbitration , particulaly with regard to conditions of contract formation ,consent, and the degree to which the principle of equality between contracting parties is upheld. moreover , it investigates the legal protection mechanisims that can be activated to safeguard the weaker party in such contract , such as the digital consumer or end-user. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, most notably the need to obligated e-commerce platforms to provide full disclosure of contractual terms and tob offer technical tools that allow users to review and understand the contract prior to its conclusion.

The Formation and the Functions of Cultural Codes in the Works of Charles Dickens

2025-09-03T14:49:34+00:00

Cultural codes embedded in literature reflect the social, historical, and religious realities of their time, serving as symbolic markers that enrich meaning and provide insight into collective consciousness. Charles Dickens, particularly in his novel Hard Times, masterfully integrates cultural codes that mirror the complexities of 19th-century English society, including class divisions, industrialization, family relations, and religious beliefs. While Dickens’s works have been extensively studied globally, there has been insufficient focus in Uzbek linguistics on the linguocultural dimensions of his writings, especially regarding their translation and the preservation of cultural nuances. This study analyzes the formation and functions of cultural codes in Hard Times, exploring how they shape the stylistic and emotional coloring of the text and how they are transmitted or lost in Uzbek translation. The analysis demonstrates that Dickens’s use of names, idioms, biblical references, and social practices carries deep cultural significance, often obscured in translation when literal methods are applied. Examples include symbolic character names, metaphors of luxury such as turtle soup, and satirical expressions like “Hands,” which lose their stylistic coloring in Uzbek versions. The research introduces a linguocultural approach to Dickens’s work within the Uzbek scholarly context, combining literary analysis with translation studies to reveal how cultural codes function across languages. These findings underscore the necessity for translators to consider socio-historical context and cultural symbolism to preserve stylistic depth, thereby contributing to more accurate cross-cultural communication and a fuller appreciation of Dickens’s literary legacy.

Investigating the Role of Authentic Video Materials As an Important Strategy in developing speaking skills Among Undergraduate EFL Iraqi Learners

2025-09-07T08:05:45+00:00

The below study was carried out to determine the role of authentic video materials on developing the speaking skill of undergraduate Iraqi EFL learners. To achieve this goal, the sample of this study were 50 EFL Iraqi learners (from a population of 136) at the third grade at the math department at the Collage of computer science and math/ Tikrit university who have studied throughout the first semester of the academic year 2024/2025. They were in 2 sections, part A 25 learners referred to as EG whilst, the section B had 25 learners. Assigned as the CG. Apparently, the largest portion of EFL learners encounter difficulties in oral interaction. Many of these challenges can be from bad fluency, spoken grammar miss-use, to lack of vocabulary. Therefore, many practitioners for which a number of studies have addressed the challenge of incorporating the spoken national language into because it exposes students to authentic instances of teaching speaking the speaking ability in different situations. Thus, the current study was performed to get an insight into the regarding the utility of integrating authentic materials in teaching speaking. Although speaking is a vital skill in learning a language, Iraqi students face serious challenges in learning it since they do not get a chance to deal with real-life situations relevant to the language, and they are accustomed to traditional learning methods. This study develops on sociocultural theory and principles of communicative language teaching to investigate how video-based resources (such as TED Talks, YouTube tutorials, and situational role-play videos) provide opportunities for language practice and promote communicative competence. To this end, the findings of this study confirm that genuine video materials are an effective resource that could be employed to promote speaking skills in the context of Iraqi EFL. Include video-based tasks as part of the curricula and training teachers to effectively leverage technology and videos for cultural video resources focused on how to best use these videos for maximal benefit.

Muhammadjon Hakimov and the Study of Alisher Navoi’s Mahbub ul-Qulub Manuscripts

2025-09-10T15:32:30+00:00

Manuscript studies play a crucial role in preserving and reconstructing the textual heritage of classical literature, ensuring that works are transmitted with fidelity to their original form. Alisher Navoi’s Mahbub ul-Qulub, written in 1500, is among his most widely copied works, yet earlier editions by Kononov and Shamsiyev relied on a limited number of manuscripts, leading to textual inaccuracies and omissions. Despite the abundance of reliable copies in Uzbekistan’s manuscript collections, no comprehensive comparative analysis had been undertaken to establish an authoritative version of Mahbub ul-Qulub. This study, based on Muhammadjon Hakimov’s research, examines 19 manuscripts from the H. Sulaimanov Institute of Manuscripts to identify the most complete and textually accurate sources for a critical edition. Hakimov’s comparative and codicological analysis classified seven manuscripts as mo‘tabar nusxalar (authoritative copies), including MS 316, 526, 2589, 25–11, 2913–11, 1429–11, and 1530. These copies, dating from the early 19th to the 20th century, preserve the text with minimal errors and demonstrate the wide geographic and temporal dissemination of the work. The study applies rigorous textological and source-critical methods to Uzbek classical literature, introducing a systematic framework for evaluating manuscripts based on completeness, preservation, and fidelity. Hakimov’s findings provide the foundation for preparing a corrected scholarly edition of Mahbub ul-Qulub and contribute to safeguarding Uzbekistan’s cultural heritage, showing how critical manuscript studies strengthen both academic research and the preservation of national literary identity.

Traumatic Doubling: A Psychoanalytic Reading of Katurian and Michal in Martin McDonagh's The Pillowman

2025-09-10T16:18:31+00:00

The Pillowman (2003) by McDonagh is a dark comedy that resonates with contemporary canons where narrative is enfolded by trauma and narrative is enfolded by violence. This article reads the text through a psychoanalytic angle by arguing that trauma of childhood and hidden and repressed desire haunt the heroes of drama. Centering on Katurian, Michal, Ariel, and Tupolski, the close reading is informed by Freud’s theory of repression, the death drive, and the repetition compulsion, and by Lacanian concepts of desire and the symbolic order. The analysis reveals the literary profession as vehicle and screen for mourned and reburied trauma. This article offers a new reading against the critical grain of The Pillowman and is an original addition to emerging literary studies of trauma, narrative and mind.

Trauma and Identity in Teju Cole’s Novel Open City and Samuel Shimon’s Novel An Iraqi in Paris: A Comparative Study

2025-09-12T10:14:46+00:00

This paper presents the argument that trauma has a significant impact on the formation of a new resilient identity that relies on survival and success. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section includes the introduction that discusses the relation between trauma and identity in the field of Literary Studies. The introduction also presents the development of trauma and identity which begins in the field of Psychoanalysis and then moves into the field Literary Studies in order to represent and externalize the traumatic experience through literary narratives. The second section discusses the impact of the traumatic experience on the construction of a new resilient identity throughout a comparative analysis of two literary texts; namely Open City by Tejo Cole and An Iraqi in Paris by Samuel Shimon. The paper ends with a conclusion that answers the question of whether a new resilient identity, that is characterized by survival and success, can be formed under the impact of trauma or not.

Cognitive Linguistic Perspectives on Hydronyms: A Comparative Study of English And Uzbek Place Names

2025-09-13T13:39:10+00:00

This paper explores the cognitive linguistic dimensions of hydronyms, focusing on English and Uzbek place names related to water bodies. Drawing upon a corpus-based methodology, the study analyzes semantic patterns, conceptual metaphors, and cultural models embedded in river, lake, and stream names. The comparative approach highlights how both languages encode physical, cultural, and metaphorical aspects of water into naming practices. While English hydronyms often reflect descriptive physical attributes and historical settlement patterns, Uzbek hydronyms convey rich cultural, ecological, and symbolic values tied to nomadic traditions and environmental worldview. The findings demonstrate that hydronyms, beyond being geographical markers, also serve as cognitive artifacts reflecting collective memory and ethnocultural identity.

The Unheard Orchestra: Sonic Manipulation as an Instrument of Totalitarian Control in George Orwell's Animal Farm

2025-09-15T17:17:33+00:00

This research paper critically examines the under-explored dimension of sound and noise within George Orwell’s Animal Farm, arguing that the manipulation of the acoustic landscape constitutes a primary mechanism for establishing and maintaining totalitarian power. Moving beyond traditional analyses focused on rhetoric and visual propaganda, the acoustic framework is utilized to uncover deeper layers of ideological control and psychological manipulation. Through the application of Foucauldian biopolitics, Gramscian hegemony, and critical sound studies theory, the silencing of dissent, the orchestration of loyalty through manufactured noise, and the strategic deployment of sonic violence are analyzed as essential tools wielded by the porcine elite. It is demonstrated how sound functions not merely as background, but as an active agent in the erasure of revolutionary memory, the normalization of oppression, and the ultimate betrayal of Animalist ideals. Key examples include the suppression of "Beasts of England," the cacophony of the "Spontaneous Demonstrations," and the terrifying soundscape of the purges. The conclusion asserts that Orwell masterfully employs sound as a metaphor for the insidious, pervasive, and ultimately dehumanizing nature of totalitarian control, where the very ability to hear truth becomes a casualty of tyranny.

Translation Issues of Phraseological Units (on the Example of the English Translation of “Dunyoning ishlari” by Utkir Hoshimov)

2025-09-17T02:22:47+00:00

This article delves into the challenges of translating phraseological units in literary works, using the English translation of Dunyoning ishlari by O'tkir Hoshimov as a case study. The study highlights the importance of accurately translating idiomatic expressions and proverbs, which often carry unique cultural and linguistic nuances. A critical gap in the literature lies in understanding how these units can be rendered equivalently in the target language without losing their original meaning or emotional impact. The research employs comparative analysis to examine the phraseological units in both the original Uzbek text and its English translation. The findings reveal that while some phraseological units were effectively translated, others faced challenges due to cultural and linguistic differences. For example, expressions such as “ko’z oldimga keladi” were rendered with varied English equivalents, illustrating the subtle complexities of literary translation. The study emphasizes the need for translators to strike a balance between faithfulness to the original text and cultural adaptation. This work contributes to the field of literary translation by providing insights into the translation of phraseological units and their implications for preserving the author’s voice across languages. The results underline the significance of cultural sensitivity in translation and offer valuable lessons for future translators.

The Analysis of Social Roles and Speech Acts in A. Qahhor and O. Henry’s Short Stories

2025-09-17T11:05:17+00:00

This article explores the sociopragmatic analysis of social roles and speech acts in the short stories of Abdulla Qahhor and O. Henry, focusing on their representation of social contexts, power dynamics, and human relationships. By examining Qahhor’s “Anor” and “The Patient” alongside O. Henry’s “The Ransom of Red Chief” and “The Last Leaf,” the study highlights the role of language in portraying societal issues like poverty, gender roles, and moral dilemmas. The analysis of speech acts directives, commissives, and expressives reveals the authors’ differing approaches to social critique. Qahhor’s works, set against the socio-economic backdrop of Soviet Uzbekistan, utilize language to reflect class struggles, family dynamics, and ethical conflicts, while O. Henry uses humor and irony to depict the complexities of urban American life. This comparative study emphasizes the cultural differences and similarities in the authors' treatment of social themes, offering a broader understanding of the social implications embedded in their language use. The findings underscore the power of language in shaping social understanding, demonstrating how speech acts contribute to the portrayal of personal and societal struggles across different cultural contexts.

The Problem of Style in Literary Discourse: The Role of Dialectal Elements in Uzbek Prose

2025-09-17T12:31:16+00:00

The problem of style in literary discourse remains one of the central issues in modern stylistics. Theoretical perspectives developed by scholars such as V.V. Vinogradov and C. Bally emphasize that style is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a functional and aesthetic category. In the context of Uzbek literary studies, researchers including A. Shomaqsudov, S. Karimov, and M. Iminov have explored how dialectal units, colloquial elements, and other non-standard forms interact with the norms of the literary language. Although dialectal words deviate from standard usage, they serve specific artistic purposes such as individualizing characters’ speech, reflecting local color, and enhancing expressivity. The practical dimension of this study focuses on the works of Suyundik Mustafo Nurotoiy, particularly his short story collection Ko‘ngil sadolari. His use of dialectal forms illustrates the way in which linguistic variation contributes to artistic imagery, emotional coloring, and national identity within prose. Thus, the stylistic function of non-standard elements in literary texts demonstrates that style is both a reflection of linguistic norms and a creative transformation of them. This dual perspective underscores the importance of stylistic analysis in understanding the dynamics of Uzbek literature.

Teaching Morphonology in General School Education

2025-09-17T12:38:15+00:00

The study explores the theoretical and methodological foundations of teaching morphonology in general secondary education. Morphonology, as an interdisciplinary field between phonology and morphology, plays a crucial role in understanding the internal structure of words and their transformations in both spoken and written language. In the context of school education, the effective integration of morphonological analysis develops students’ linguistic competence, supports grammar acquisition, and enhances orthographic accuracy. The research emphasizes that morphonological patterns—such as alternations, assimilations, and morphemic variations—are essential for systematic language learning. The paper proposes innovative teaching strategies that combine analytical exercises, communicative approaches, and integrative technologies. Special attention is given to the role of interactive tasks, comparative analysis, and problem-solving activities, which make morphonological concepts more accessible for learners. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of adapting foreign methodological experiences to the Uzbek educational context, ensuring both scientific reliability and practical applicability. The findings suggest that teaching morphonology systematically contributes not only to language proficiency but also to students’ cognitive development. As a result, morphonology becomes a vital component in forming linguistic awareness and cultural literacy within general secondary education.

The Poetics of Muhammad Ali’s Epic Poetry

2025-09-17T13:22:55+00:00

This article examines the poetic features of Muhammad Ali’s epic poems (dostons), with particular attention to their lyrical-epic nature and their place in the development of twentieth-century Uzbek literature. The study situates Muhammad Ali’s works, such as Mashrab and Gumbazdagi nur, within the broader historical and cultural context of Uzbek poetry, which, under the influence of both classical traditions and modern literary movements, experienced significant transformations during the Soviet period. While classical epics, like those of Alisher Navoi, emphasized idealized heroes and elaborate introductory sections, Muhammad Ali’s epics embody a synthesis of historical reflection, lyrical sensitivity, and authorial subjectivity. His works not only reconstruct historical memory invoking figures such as Amir Temur and Mashrab but also integrate personal and collective experiences, including autobiographical elements. Through this duality, Muhammad Ali demonstrates how the modern Uzbek doston could serve both as a continuation of classical forms and as a platform for innovation, combining national heritage with contemporary concerns. The article also highlights scholarly perspectives on his oeuvre, underlining the significance of his contribution to Uzbek literary tradition. Ultimately, the study argues that Muhammad Ali’s epic poetry represents a unique bridge between tradition and modernity, embodying lyrical depth, historical consciousness, and artistic innovation.

Description of Manuscript Copy No. 596 of "Shahnomayi Andalib"

2025-09-19T16:54:57+00:00

The Kokand Khanate holds an important place in the cultural and political history of Central Asia, with its events documented through both prose and poetic forms that reflect the intellectual and artistic spirit of the period. Among the surviving sources, the manuscript Shahnomayi Andalib is particularly valuable, as it narrates the turbulent events of 1842–1843 in verse and prose, while also embodying the literary creativity of its authors. Two main manuscript copies of this work exist, preserved under inventory numbers 596 and 696 at the Abu Rayhon Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies. Although earlier scholars such as Aziz Kayyumov and Shodmon Vohidov provided preliminary observations, and translations into the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet were later published, a complete scholarly description of manuscript No. 596 had not been undertaken. This study provides a scientific description of manuscript No. 596, examining its physical features, script, seals, colophons, and textual content. The manuscript contains four historical works—Muntakhabut Tavorikh, Hadiqatul Anvar, Shahnomayi Andalib, and Shahnomayi Devona Mutrib—each covering aspects of the Kokand Khanate’s history and enriching one another in content. Comparative analysis shows that manuscript No. 596 preserves a more complete and accurate version of Shahnomayi Andalib than copy No. 696. By offering a detailed codicological and textual description, the study establishes manuscript No. 596 as a reliable source for future research on Kokand historiography and literary tradition. The findings underscore the necessity of cataloging, preserving, and studying such manuscripts as integral parts of Uzbekistan’s cultural and intellectual heritage.

Semantic Features of Onomatopoeic and Mimetic Words in the Korean Language

2025-09-22T03:08:46+00:00

The study of onomatopoeic and mimetic words in the Korean language has attracted growing attention in recent years, as these lexical units not only enrich the expressive potential of speech but also reflect unique cultural and linguistic features of Korean society. This article focuses on the semantic features of Korean onomatopoeic and mimetic expressions, which occupy a significant position in both everyday communication and literary discourse. Unlike many Indo-European languages, Korean is characterized by an extensive and systematic use of sound-symbolic vocabulary, with a well-developed distinction between onomatopoeic words, which imitate natural and environmental sounds, and mimetic words, which convey manner, state, movement, or appearance. The annotation outlines how these lexical categories function as powerful tools of imagery, contributing to the vividness and emotional depth of communication. By analyzing semantic groups of onomatopoeic and mimetic words, the research identifies key features such as intensity, repetition, sound symbolism, and gradation of meaning. Moreover, attention is given to the morphological structure of such words, their reduplicated forms, and the semantic nuances achieved through vowel harmony and consonant alternations. These structural-semantic correlations play a crucial role in differentiating shades of meaning, for example, in distinguishing subtle variations in speed, size, or emotional states. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the cultural-linguistic importance of these words in Korean: they are frequently used in literature, songs, films, and especially in spoken discourse to convey emotions and sensory impressions that might otherwise remain unexpressed. Their semantic richness also makes them vital in language learning, translation studies, and intercultural communication, as their exact meanings often lack direct equivalents in other languages. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the semantic features of Korean onomatopoeic and mimetic words by situating them at the intersection of linguistics, culture, and communication. It highlights their role as a unique phenomenon that embodies both the cognitive processes of categorizing sensory experience and the cultural specificity of the Korean worldview.

Navigating Dyslexia in Iraqi EFL Classrooms: Didactic Challenges and Instructional Insights

2025-09-22T14:28:57+00:00

Dyslexia is a complex language-based learning disorder that primarily affects reading but also has serious implications for spelling, writing, and comprehension. In higher education contexts, particularly where English is taught as a foreign language, the condition poses double challenges: students must cope not only with the cognitive load of a second orthography but also with hidden processing difficulties that remain undiagnosed. In Iraq, awareness of dyslexia is still limited, and few empirical studies have examined how it manifests in university classrooms or how it affects the acquisition of English. This study explores dyslexia among Iraqi undergraduates in Najaf, with a focus on its impact on reading fluency, spelling consistency, and grammar performance. A quasi- experimental design was adopted with fifty fourth-year English majors enrolled in the Faculty of Education for Women at University of Kufa. Data were gathered through a twenty-three–item dyslexia questionnaire adapted from the Davis Dyslexia Association International rubric and validated by three experts, alongside targeted classroom tasks in grammar areas such as conditionals and relative clauses. The results revealed that a notable number of students demonstrated dyslexia-related behaviors, including slow and effortful decoding, frequent rereading without full comprehension, inconsistent orthographic patterns in writing, overreliance on visual or hands-on strategies, and a tendency to make more errors under stress or time constraints. Importantly, none of these students had been officially identified as dyslexic before this study, highlighting the invisibility of the problem in Iraqi higher education. The study concludes that dyslexia exists in Iraqi EFL contexts and urges teacher training, multimodal instruction, and institutional support to ensure equity and academic success.

identified as dyslexic before this study, highlighting the invisibility of the problem in Iraqi higher education. The study concludes that dyslexia exists in Iraqi EFL contexts and urges teacher training, multimodal instruction, and institutional support to ensure equity and academic success.

The Effect of The Question Grid Strategy on Cognitive Achievement in Mathematics and Lateral Thinking Among Fifth-Grade Science Students

2025-09-23T11:35:06+00:00

The current study aims to identify "the effect of the question grid strategy on achievement and lateral thinking among fifth-grade science students in mathematics." To achieve the research objective, the researcher put forward the following two null hypotheses: 1- At the 0.05 significance level, no statistically significant difference was found between the mean achievement test scores of the experimental group and those of the control group. 2- There are no statistically significant differences, at the 0.05 significance level, between the average scores of the experimental group students and the scores of the control group students on the lateral thinking scale. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the experimental approach, defining the research community as fifth-grade science students in secondary schools affiliated with the Karbala Education Directorate/Center for the academic year (2021-2022). One of the schools was randomly selected to conduct the experiment, using the experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) with a post-test for both academic achievement and lateral thinking. Two groups (A, B) were selected to form the research sample of (59) students, with (29) students in the experimental group, taught according to the "question network" strategy, and (30) students in the control group, taught the subject using the traditional method. The two groups were statistically equivalent in a number of variables, namely: mid-year grades, chronological age calculated in months, parents' academic achievement, and an intelligence test.

Linguvopragmatic Impact of Anthroponyms on Advertising Texts

2025-09-24T04:24:05+00:00

This article examines the linguopragmatic role of anthroponyms in advertising, focusing on how personal names influence consumer emotions, trust, and national identity. While previous studies have explored language use in advertising, there is a knowledge gap regarding the specific impact of anthroponyms, especially in non-Western contexts like Uzbek advertisements. This study aims to fill that gap by analyzing anthroponyms in both Uzbek and English ads, comparing their cultural and pragmatic functions. Using a qualitative, comparative approach, the research examines advertisements featuring personal names, analyzing their semantic and pragmatic roles in shaping consumer perception. The findings reveal that Uzbek ads primarily use anthroponyms to evoke sincerity and cultural connection, while English ads leverage celebrity names to enhance credibility and global appeal. This study underscores the importance of strategic use of anthroponyms to maximize advertising impact. Future research could explore their role in digital advertising and online consumer behavior.